2021/09/14

L'FBI rilascia un primo documento desecretato sulle indagini sull'11/9

di Leonardo Salvaggio

A seguito dell'ordine esecutivo firmato dal presidente Joe Biden, l'FBI ha rilasciato un primo documento, precedentemente secretato, relativo alle indagini sull'11 settembre. Il documento, di sedici pagine, è la sintesi dell'interrogatorio di un cittadino saudita che lavorava al consolato a Los Angeles e che era a stretto contatto con Omar al-Bayoumi, il nome dell'uomo non viene rivelato. L'interrogatorio risale a novembre del 2015, mentre il documento è datato 4 aprile 2016.


La nota rilasciata è ancora in gran parte censurata, ciò nonostante ne emergono informazioni importanti. Conferma anzitutto alcuni dettagli che erano noti già in passato, come che al-Bayoumi lavorasse per un'azienda saudita chiamata AVCO i cui dipendenti lo definivano un "dipendente fantasma" ("ghost employee") perché non si presentava mai sul posto di lavoro. Al-Bayoumi aveva inoltre frequenti contatti con il consolato saudita, dove secondo l'intervistato veniva tenuto in grande considerazione e aveva un grado superiore a quello dei responsabili del consolato stesso.

Il dettaglio più importante che emerge dal documento è che secondo la ricostruzione dell'intervistato e di altri testimoni oculari, il primo incontro tra al-Bayoumi e al-Mihdhar e al-Hazmi (due dei dirottatori del volo American Airlines 77 che si schiantò contro il Pentagono) non fu casuale, come sostenuto dallo stesso al-Bayoumi quando fu interrogato, ma pianificato. Al-Bayoumi riportò infatti agli investigatori di aver avvicinato di due al ristorante Mediterranean Gourmet di Venice Boulevard dopo averli sentiti parlare arabo con un accento mediorientale. I testimoni sostengono invece che al-Bayoumi era seduto al ristorante in una posizione da cui poteva vedere la porta d'ingresso e che si avvicinò a loro prima di poterli sentire parlare. Inoltre i due dirottatori furono portati al Mediterranean Gourmet proprio dall'anonimo saudita. L'incontro con i dirottatori avvenne poche ore dopo una riunione al consolato in cui al-Bayoumi e l'uomo il cui nome non è rivelato si incontrarono per la prima volta.

Il Washington Post riporta che le famiglie delle vittime hanno accolto con molto favore la desecretazione di queste informazioni. Al contempo l'ambasciata saudita di Washington ha pubblicato una nota in cui dice che essere favorevole al rilascio di tutti i documenti secretati affinché questi possano chiarire l'estraneità del regime di Riyadh agli attentati dell'11/9. In realtà il primo documento, si spera di una lunga serie, punta esattamente nella direzione opposta.

2021/09/11

An interview with Malcolm Nance, counterterrorism expert and Pentagon rescuer

by Leonardo Salvaggio. An Italian translation is available here.

Twenty years have passed since the 9/11 attacks, in this special anniversary Undicisettembre is offering its readers the personal account of Malcolm Nance, a former Navy Senior Chief Petty Officer and counterterrorism expert and, on 9/11 witnessed the crash of American Airline 77 into the Pentagon and went to the site to become of the first responders.

We would like to thank Malcolm Nance for his kindness and willingness to help.





Undicisettembre: Can you give me some background about yourself and how much you knew about al-Qaeda before 9/11?

Malcolm Nance:
On 9/11 I had just retired from the military a few months before. I spent twenty years in naval intelligence, specialized in counter terrorism, especially Middle East counter terrorism and we were working the al-Qaeda mission before people started calling it al-Qaeda, we used to call it GJM, Global Jihad Movement. Then in 1995 the FBI started using a term that was 50% of the actual name of the real group; it was al-Qaeda al Jihad, which is Arabic for “The Headquarters of the Holy War”, but the FBI was referring to them as “al-Qaeda”. The first time I saw that I thought “The base? The headquarters? There’s something missing in here.” I knew all about how this organization was developing: their operations in Sudan, there was suspicion that in 1981 they bombed a hotel that had US soldiers in it in Yemen, and then there there was the attack to the Khobar Towers in 1995 in Durhan, Saudi Arabia. Everyone was blaming the Iranians, Hezbollah or Hamas and this misdirected US intelligence to go look for these groups but that was an al-Qaeda operation. In 1996 Osama bin Laden made his first declaration of war against the west, at that time I was running a very specialized school in Coronado, California, called Advanced Terrorism Abduction and Hostage Survival and I was teaching the Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape program, which is for Tier 1 soldiers who go behind the enemy line and are high-risk-capture and would be at elbow distance from al-Qaeda. Back then a lot of people didn’t believe that there was this global jihad movement, they thought it was just a bunch of amateur Arabs and even Cofer Black from the CIA used to call bin Laden an opportunist and a grifter. I had been in operations for seventeen years back then so I knew where their power and passion came from so I didn’t believe people like Cofer Black.

The morning after we started the course the Kenya and Tanzania bombing happened in the middle of the night, I started the course and said “Good morning gentlemen, welcome to al-Qaeda 1.01; some of you will be leaving here very soon.” Sure enough we cut the course short, we did it in 72 hours and they all started going around the world hunting for al-Qaeda.


Undicisettembre: Can you give me an account of what you saw and experienced on 9/11?

Malcolm Nance: 9/11 started out as a normal day, it was a very nice day. I lived in Washington DC and that morning I had the only counter terrorism consultancy in the city. After retiring from the military I was doing consulting for special operations command and specifically the Naval Special Warfare Command. We were planning a counter terrorism exercise for the Commander Pacific Fleet which was going to take place three weeks later, we were trying to sink three ships from the sea as a terrorism training exercise and they were supposed to find us.

That morning was the first day of working of my new chief of staff Beverly, who was a sort of combination between a secretary and a manager, and I was taking her around Washington DC. Around 8 o’clock we went around Capitol Hill to show her where the House and Senate offices and committees we would be working with were and we stopped for a coffee at a Costa Coffee and they had a television above the coffee station.

I looked up at the TV screen and I saw Tower 1 had a fire and I though “Oh, that’s strange! The weather is really clear, maybe it’s a tourist aircraft.” Another component of my school was teaching hijacking survival, so if you are skyjacked there are certain behaviors you must and must not do, because there’s also a time to fight back, so we started hearing these reports that airplanes were hijacked and I thought “They can’t be hijacked, the pilots would put it on the ground immediately”, but I was not thinking right, cabin doors were not locked back then and the pilot or co-pilot would come up immediately if there was disturbance with the passengers. We didn’t know these guys stormed the cockpits and took command of the aircrafts.

I was really focused on the TV when suddenly the second plane came in. I grabbed my phone, hit the speed dial button for Brad, my deputy who was still in Coronado, because one thing from my years in counter terrorism came to my mind “If you are involved in an emergency, call someone who’s nowhere near you.”. But he had his phone on answering machine. At that time I knew what was happening: it was al-Qaeda and somehow they had taken command of the airplanes.

I knew Brad was probably a little awake so I start screaming into the phone “Brad, get up! This is Malcolm! Brad get up!” He understood my voice was in panic and he answered the phone and all I could say was “CNN! CNN! CNN!” because I could not describe it; he went to the TV and yelled “What the fuck is happening?”, I said “New York is under attack, go to work” which would have been the office I had there where we have access to all the terrorism database “and call me back in fifteen minutes.”

My chief of staff and I took our coffees, I think I even forgot to pay for them, and went into my car and turned on the radio. She said “Where are we going?”, I said “We are going back to the office, then I’m going to New York”. She said “You are going to New York?! Why are you going to New York?”, I said “This is the greatest fucking terrorist attack in American history! I’m going to New York to help”.

To go to Georgetown, where my office was, I could have gone down Independence Avenue which would have been near the White House which I was sure at that point would have looked like an armed fort; so we went down Constitution Avenue instead. I stopped at a street light right across the water from the Arlington Cemetery and I saw an airplane off in the distance and I casually said “Look, they have redirected the aircrafts to come from the west so that they don’t come near Washington”. To the right I saw the Arlington Cemetery, the Marine Corps Headquarters, the Navy Annex and the plane started flying down and I though “Now it’s going to bank right and go to Reagan Airport”. Instead it goes, it goes, it goes… I'll briefly stop here, about one second before the crash to tell you something else.

In 1988 I was in a missile battle with the Iranians and I had to watch on my radar a cruise missile coming at us at 400 mph and it was terrifying; the way we say it when a missile is coming at you is “VAMPIRE”, it’s a crazy word so you know there’s a real threat. So I was sitting there on this ship, we are fighting this Iranian ship, they launch a missile at us and we hear “VAMPIRE, VAMPIRE, VAMPIRE” meaning “Cruise missile inbound”. It missed us by 150 meters.

So when I saw the plane was not banking this phrase went to my head: “VAMPIRE, VAMPIRE, VAMPIRE”. The light changed to green but I could not come, I was frozen and the only thing I could say to my friend was “Stand by!” which is what we say in the military for “That thing is about to happen”. She goes “What?” and then BOOOM! There was a huge fireball. She starts screaming “What's happening??” and I say “It's hit, the Pentagon is hit! We are under attack! We are under nation wide attack!” Before she can say another word I hit the gas and went right through the lights and I thought “Do we have more human guided weapons?” which is what we call hijacked aircrafts.


I instinctively knew where to go, right to the Pentagon. It turned out that state troopers had cut out the road about an hour before for security purposes because they didn't think an airplane was coming. The building was burning, engulfed, huge columns of black smoke. I could not go any further so I told Beverly “Take my car, go back to my office and start calling me every fifteen minutes.”

I got out of the car and I had a fucking disaster in front of me. People were coming out of the north side of the Pentagon, the side that was hit was the west side next to the helicopter pad. I started running through the crowd and since I had been a paramedic once in the military I started checking and assessing all the wounded. I saw a woman covered in dirt and dust, she had a baby in her arms and she was bleeding from the head. We have a rule in the paramedics “Silent baby bad, crying baby good” The baby was crying and people had bottles of water to wash the baby off, so I thought “The baby is okay, they don't need me here”.

I saw a three-star woman Navy Admiral and I said “Admiral I need your help to mobilize these people and to start a rescue effort.” she said “We have it under control” and I thought “She has no idea what's happening here, she thinks it's just a fire.” We have a saying in the military when you are in a panic situation “Look for a point of sanity.” I looked to the right and I saw this woman who was pointing decisively giving orders, she knew what she was doing, and I saw people bringing wounded people to her. Then an ambulance arrived and it had backboards, and that was very smart to do, it was a paramedic company who was just a few kilometers away, they heard about the attacks and knew what to do because they had knowledge of mass casualties.

Next thing I saw was Donald Rumsfield and his staff pushing a stretcher, next to him was an army flight paramedic who was assigned to the secretary of defense's office, but the helicopter never stays at the Pentagon, it goes across the river for refuels and that was good because the airplane hit the helicopter pad directly and I know because I saw it when it impacted: it hit the pad and slid into the Pentagon. So I run to the point of sanity and there was this woman who I thought was a doctor and who is my personal hero of the day, her name is Patty Horoho and she was running this mini triage. She was a colonel and she was an expert, she had a very very high fear threshold. I told her “I'm a Senior Chief petty officer”, which was not true, I was retired “What do you need me to do?”. She said “I need you to get all these people organized.” There were hundreds of people. “I need you to start stretcher teams on the north door and bring the wounded out to this triage.”

I was in civilian clothes. I had khaki pants on and a black shirt with the name of my company on that said “Real World Rescue”, but that was a cover name because the company was actually called “Special Readiness Service International”. I went to a colonel and said “Colonel, bring me a bunch of people here and put them in line”. He came back with eight colonels and I said “Are you shitting me?? Really?? The only people you know at the Pentagon are colonels?? There are four hundred enlisted people here.” I saw marine officers and I yelled “Marine! Get your asses here!” and the colonel, who was a marine colonel said “I have orders to report to the Commandant of the marine corps.” I said “You can take one person and report to the marine corp, I want all the others to stay over here.” That's when I saw my salvation, I saw a marine sergeant and with my command voice I yelled “Sergeant!” he run over “Get everyone here, I want all these people lined up in formation, we are going to start the rescue on this building”. Suddenly he gets all these two hundred people into formation; it was beautiful, it broke my heart.

I said “Hats off, ties off, backpacks off, take anything that can burn off, sleeves down. Form six man teams, each team go to a stretcher, six more men go behind them as support”, because a stretcher can get heavy with a person on it. I added “Go stand by the north door”. This was the first mobilization at the rescue effort at the west side of the Pentagon. I go over to colonel Horoho and said “I got them moving back and forward over there”, and she said “Who are those people next to the crash site?”. I looked over and there was a group of people near the door “They look screwed up, get them over here and get them start moving people.” I run over there and asked who was in charge, there was a guy in civilian clothes with suspenders who was an army colonel and the liaison to Congress; I told him “Listen up, we need to start moving all your victims out of here” and he said “We are going back in through this door” which was the door closest to the crash site. Now everybody in the military takes firefighting, so I knew firefighting; I told him “You go through that door and you die. The smoke is down to your knees, black rolling smoke. You can not get through that door.” He said “We've already been in there.” and I said “Get everybody out of that door. Everyone in your team go to the north door and help the stretcher teams. Don't go through that door anymore, we can't lose anyone else.” Just as I said that flames started coming out of that door.

We were still waiting for firetrucks, they were not there yet, but in ten minutes a hundred firetrucks arrived, every truck in northern Virginia and Washington DC was coming to the Pentagon. I turned around and there was colonel Horoho. There was a fire truck close to the helicopter hanger which was on fire, the right door was open, next to it were some cars, next to it it's where they kept liquid oxygen and propane. I feared everything was going to explode soon.

Colonel Horoho told me “I want you to have these teams bring condition yellow” which is wounded “to the left of that tree. Condition red” which is critical wounded “to the right of that tree. Condition green to the cemetery, and condition black behind this wall.” It suddenly struck me that I started to panic a little bit, my fear threshold was about to be crossed:, she instructed me to put all the dead bodies behind the helicopter hangar, where they put it for long storage, where nobody could see them.

I looked down at her and next to her leg was a two meter silver disc and it had the red, white and blue letter “C”. I thought “What am I looking at?” and then I understood it was the letter “C” from American Airlines. Then I saw there were tiny little pieces of the airplane all around. Later on I would see a turbine blade in the side of a tree.

There was no condition black where I was because that was the point of impact. There was no body left for those who were dead; the injured where coming out of other doors. We left and went back to the triage. There were nine patients and the paramedics were arriving and she was decidedly giving instructions to them as well; all the wounded were taken away with ambulances.

I then got a call on the phone, it was my friend in Coronado. He said “Malcolm, I'm sitting here with Commander Second Fleet and he doesn't know what is going on, he can't get in touch with the Secretary of Defense” He was a man who commanded like a hundred and fifty ships and all he knew about the Pentagon was what I was telling him, I told him the Secretary of Defense was fine and that he was in the Command Post trying to coordinate New York City, therefore they could not get through to him. I said “I need something from you: how many planes are still missing?” He said there were two: one out of Saint Louis and one near Ohio, which turned out being United 93, the other one turned out to be a false alarm. I told him I needed to know any change of status of these two planes, I was going to keep the line open.

I went to the colonel and told her about the two missing planes and told her we needed to be ready in case of additional attacks. Brad was still on the line, but the line got cut off; because they were cutting lines all over the United States. A few seconds later we heard another loud sound and someone said there was a car bomb at the State Department, I said no one would have used a car bomb if they had hijacked planes; minutes later we found out it was a part of the building had collapsed.

As we were standing there two F-16's came flying very low over the Pentagon and the Capitol and were happy and cheering to see we had top cover. They had no weapons, nothing, they would just use the airplanes themselves as a barrier. Seconds later a Fire Chief came and said we were going to be under attack again because there was another plane inbound. Colonel Horoho said “I want you to move all this triage to the Arlington Cemetery.” We ran on the other side and fifteen minutes after we heard a rumor that a F-16 crashed into United 93. when we heard that, colonel Horoho ordered to bring the triage back to the crash site which we did and at this point a lot more of resources arrived, one of the closest hospitals brought in the whole emergency room staff and all the doctors started receiving orders from colonel Horoho.

They made us move the triage again to an underpass on the south west side of the Pentagon and at this point we all had silver duct tape on our arms to identify ourselves because we had to go into the building to remove the dead but I wasn't there for that and I'm glad because what I saw was enough.

At six in the evening they started sending people home because rescue was over, it was now recovery. There was no transportation in Washington so I walked and then I hitchhiked and they drove me to my office.


Undicisettembre: You are one one of the few eyewitnesses who saw the plane crash, can we rule out once and for all that it was something different from a commercial airliner?

Malcolm Nance: First off, hundreds of people saw the plane. I spoke to the guy in the crash truck at the helipad which was on fire and he told me “I was in the truck and the plane went right by me” He told me they keep a person in the crash truck at all times, the Secretary of Defense was in the building and the helicopter was scheduled to come fifteen or twenty minutes later. So he was there and he had his bunker suit bottom on, not his top, and he was sitting there listening to the news about New York City when he saw this plane coming over the Sheraton, over the Navy Annex, which was the big Navy office building which has been destroyed since, then it came down, hit a light post which fell onto the car of a state trooper who was sitting inside it, hit the ground and slid into the building. This firefighter was sitting in his truck and saw the airplane coming at him. He said the plane exploded all around and his truck just blew up, but he had like eight tons of firefighting foam behind him, it also exploded, turned into gas and protected him. He then opened the right door and got out, when later Colonel Horoho and I were there the right door was still open.

Later I met the Virginia state trooper who was in the car and he said the same thing: he was sitting there, he saw the light post fall on his car and then the plane hitting the building. Everyone on the highway also saw this airplane, everyone in Crystal City saw this airplane fly in. Hundreds of people.

Some time later someone sent me a link of a blog by a French guy who said the Americans used a car bomb to fake an attack and blame it on the Arabs. I was furious, furious! Two years later I was giving an interview to a very famous French journalist in Time Square. She says “Next time you are in Paris you should come to the studio and we do this again.” The year after I went to Paris and she said “Do you mind if we have another guest on?” My late wife, who was a native French speaker, understood the guest would have been the guy who made that blog post and they were going to put me in the same room as him and I didn't know this was happening. My wife told them “If you bring Malcolm to that room and he realizes who the other guest is at some point he will get up and beat that man on television.” I heard her screaming in French and I understood what was going on. They canceled that segment at the end.


Undicisettembre: You are also an expert in fake news propaganda and 9/11 started the conspiracy movement on a bigger scale. What are you thoughts on this?

Malcolm Nance: Conspiracy theories have been around forever, even in that 60s movie “Doctor Strangelove” the general orders the attack to Russia because they are putting fluoride in the water and he thinks it's making sperm impure: that was a very, very popular conspiracy theory in the USA in the 50s and in the 60s.

While I can understand that, what I can't understand and gets me instantly ready to fight is people saying 9/11 was a conspiracy. Because “Who are you going to believe? Me or your lying eyes? Are you going to believe your lying eyes?” We have these Americans who say “Oh you can't melt steel” and so on, but if you get an airliner and fly it into a building at 400 knots there's nothing that's going to stand.


Undicisettembre: What is the role in today's world of disinformation farms such as the Internet Research Agency in Saint Petersburg?

Malcolm Nance: I wrote the book “The plot to destroy democracy” that was from the perspective of Russian intelligence. Russia has become an oligarchy country where they have money now and it filters down to the average person, it is still a very soviet-like country; the Soviet Union used disinformation and misinformation all the time to further their state goals. Vladimir Putin was a career KGB officer until the Soviet Union collapsed, he is a devout communist and he believed in the strategy of the Soviet Union to dismantle liberal democracy and damage the west. When the Soviet Union collapsed that became the interest of money. You want to make money in the west or have access to market places? You have to destroy their governments. Putin said two years ago “Liberal democracy in the west is dying, it's a failed ideology”. He understood that you can use disinformation to dismantle western democracy. And he didn't start in the United States with Trump, he started in Europe with parties founded by Russia: Lega in Italy, Orban in Hungary, Golden Dawn in Greece, Marine Le Pen in France, SDF in Germany. All these groups don't call themselves fascists but they are fascists and they are funded by Russia.

In the 70s and in the 80s the Soviet Union funded left wing terrorism. Today Russia funds right wing conservative groups. Putin knows how the west works, he uses misinformation and lies and then he uses democracy to eliminate democracy, he uses a vote to eliminate a vote. If you control all the strings to the people who are making the vote you make democracy look weak and illiberalism and fascism look strong. With social media you can do that and that's what the Russians did.

We call what they did against the United States Web War 2; they attacked the United States using their information warfare doctrine that says that you want to provide so much disinformation that a sizable part of your enemy population will greet you like victors and allies so that you can invade the country without putting one soldier in that country. It has been successful, 40% of the United States would believe Russia instead of believing their eyes.


Undicisettembre:: What do you think of what is going on right now in Afghanistan? Do you think this was the only unavoidable ending or could the situation have been handled differently?

Malcolm Nance: I went to Afghanistan in January 2002 to do an intelligence assessment of the post Tora Bora operation, when Osama bin Laden and his men escaped into Pakistan. Afghanistan is not a nation-state, it's a collection of tribes, and these tribal leaders play for themselves, they don't play for a central government. Every tribal chief flipped instantly and cut a deal with the Taliban because it's their culture and because the Taliban are Afghans while we were foreigners.

The peace deal that was cut with the Taliban was done by the previous administration but without Afghan President Ghani, cutting the Afghan government we've been propping out for nineteen years out of the negotiation. The previous administration wanted this giant deal to show they could bring peace to Afghanistan.

Afghanistan is now reset back to 2001, or even 1843, minus Osama bin Laden. The real threat today is ISIS Khorasan and the question is if the Taliban will allow them to plan and to project terror from their land. But it's unlikely.

Intervista a Malcolm Nance, esperto di antiterrorismo e soccorritore del Pentagono

di Leonardo Salvaggio. L'originale in inglese è disponibile qui.

Sono passati vent'anni dagli attentati dell'11/9, in questo anniversario speciale Unidicisettembre offre ai suoi lettori il racconto personale di Malcolm Nance, ex Sottufficiale della Marina ed esperto di antiterrorismo, che l'11/9 fu testimone dello schianto del volo American Airline 77 contro il Pentagono e che andò sul luogo dell'incidente come uno dei primi soccorritori.

Ringraziamo Malcolm Nance per la sua cortesia e disponibilità.





Undicisettembre: Ci dai anzitutto qualche informazione sul tuo background e su quanto sapevi di al-Qaeda prima dell'11 settembre?

Malcolm Nance:
Mi sono ritirato dal mondo militare pochi mesi prima dell’11 settembre. Ho passato vent'anni nell'intelligence navale, con specializzazione nell'antiterrorismo, in particolare nell'antiterrorismo legato al Medio Oriente e lavoravamo su al-Qaeda prima che la gente iniziasse a chiamarla al-Qaeda, la chiamavamo GJM, Global Jihad Movement. Poi nel 1995 l'FBI iniziò a usare un termine che era solo metà del vero nome del gruppo, che era era al-Qaeda al Jihad, che in arabo significa "La base della Guerra Santa", ma l'FBI li chiamava "al-Qaeda". La prima volta che lo vidi pensai “La base? Il quartier generale? Ci manca qualcosa". Sapevo tutto di come si stava sviluppando questa organizzazione: le loro operazioni in Sudan, c'era il sospetto che nel 1981 avessero messo una bomba in un hotel che ospitava soldati statunitensi in Yemen, e poi c'è stato l'attacco alle Khobar Towers nel 1995 a Durhan, Arabia Saudita. Tutti davano la colpa agli iraniani, agli Hezbollah o ad Hamas e questo portò fuori strada l’intelligence statunitense, ma quella era un'operazione di al-Qaeda. Nel 1996 Osama bin Laden fece la sua prima dichiarazione di guerra contro l'occidente, a quel tempo dirigevo una scuola molto specializzata a Coronado, in California, chiamata Advanced Terrorism Abduction and Hostage Survival e insegnavo il programma Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape, che era per soldati di primo livello che vanno oltre la linea del nemico e sono ad alto rischio di essere catturati e che si sarebbero trovati gomito a gomito con al-Qaeda. All'epoca molte persone non credevano che esistesse questo movimento globale di jihad, pensavano che fosse solo un gruppo di arabi dilettanti e persino Cofer Black della CIA definiva bin Laden un opportunista e un truffatore. All'epoca avevo già diciassette anni di esperienza, quindi sapevo da dove traevano la loro forza e la loro passione, quindi non credevo a persone come Cofer Black.

La mattina dopo l'inizio del corso, avvennero gli attentati in Kenya e Tanzania nel cuore della notte, iniziai il corso e dissi “Buongiorno signori, benvenuti ad al-Qaeda 1.01; alcuni di voi partiranno da qui molto presto.” Ovviamente dovemmo interrompere il corso, lo tenemmo in 72 ore e tutti iniziarono a girare il mondo per dare la caccia di al-Qaeda.


Undicisettembre: Puoi farci un racconto di ciò che hai visto e vissuto l'11 settembre?

Malcolm Nance: L'11 settembre iniziò come un giorno normale, era una giornata bellissima. Abitavo a Washington e quella mattina dovevo tenere l'unica consulenza sull’antiterrorismo della città. Dopo aver lasciato il mondo militare facevo consulenza per il comando delle operazioni speciali e nello specifico per lo United States Naval Special Warfare Command [comando della marina militare responsabile delle unità speciali, NdT]. Stavamo pianificando un'esercitazione antiterrorismo per il Commander Pacific Fleet che avrebbe avuto luogo tre settimane dopo, dovevamo cercare di affondare tre navi dal mare come esercitazione di addestramento antiterrorismo e loro avrebbero dovuto trovarci.

Quella mattina era il primo giorno di lavoro del mio nuovo capo dello staff, Beverly, che era una sorta di incrocio tra una segretaria e un manager, e la stavo portando in giro per Washington. Verso le 8 passammo da Capitol Hill per mostrarle dove si trovavano gli uffici e le commissioni della Camera e del Senato con cui avremmo lavorato e ci fermammo a bere un caffè al Costa Coffee e c’era una televisione sopra alle macchine del caffè.

Guardai verso la TV e vidi che la Torre 1 era in fiamme e pensai “Che strano! Il tempo è bellissimo, forse è un aereo da turismo”. Un'altra componente della mia scuola insegnava la sopravvivenza in caso di dirottamento, se vieni dirottato ci sono alcuni comportamenti che devi tenere e altri da non tenere, perché c'è anche un momento per contrattaccare, quindi iniziammo a sentire notizie di aerei dirottati e pensai "Non possono essere dirottati, i piloti atterrerebbero immediatamente”, ma non pensavo nel modo giusto, le porte delle cabine di pilotaggio non erano chiuse a chiave al tempo e il pilota o il copilota avrebbero segnalato immediatamente in caso di problemi con i passeggeri. Non sapevamo che i terroristi avessero assaltato le cabine di pilotaggio e preso il comando degli aerei.

Ero concentrato a guardare la TV quando all'improvviso arrivò il secondo aereo. Presi il telefono, schiacciai il tasto di selezione rapida per chiamare Brad, il mio vice che era ancora a Coronado, perché mi tornò in mente una cosa dai miei anni nell'antiterrorismo “Se sei coinvolto in un'emergenza, chiama qualcuno che è lontano da te.” Ma aveva la segreteria telefonica. In quel momento sapevo cosa stava succedendo: era al-Qaeda e in qualche modo avevano preso il comando degli aerei.

Sapevo che Brad era probabilmente sveglio da poco, quindi iniziai a urlare nel telefono “Brad, alzati! Sono Malcom! Brad alzati!” Capì dalla mia voce che ero nel panico e rispose al telefono e tutto ciò che riuscii a dire fu “CNN! CNN! CNN!” perché non ero in grado di descriverlo; andò alla TV e urlò "Che cazzo sta succedendo?", dissi "New York è sotto attacco, vai in ufficio" cioè l'ufficio che avevo lì da cui avevamo accesso a tutto il database sul terrorismo "e richiamami tra quindici minuti.”

Io e il mio capo del personale prendemmo i nostri caffè, credo di essermi persino dimenticato di pagarli, tornammo in macchina e accendemmo la radio. Beverly disse “Dove stiamo andando?”, risposi “Torniamo in ufficio, poi vado a New York”. Mi disse “Vai a New York?! Perché vuoi andare a New York?”, dissi “Questo è il più grande fottuto attacco terroristico nella storia americana! Vado a New York per aiutare”.

Per andare a Georgetown, dov'era il mio ufficio, avrei potuto percorrere Independence Avenue passando vicino alla Casa Bianca che, ne ero certo, a quel punto sarebbe stata come una fortezza armata; quindi invece percorremmo Constitution Avenue. Mi fermai a un semaforo dall'altra parte del fiume rispetto al cimitero di Arlington e vidi un aereo in lontananza e dissi senza pensarci "Guarda, hanno reindirizzato gli aerei da ovest in modo che non si avvicinino a Washington". A destra vidi il cimitero di Arlington, il quartier generale dei Marines, il Navy Annex e l'aereo iniziò ad abbassarsi e pensai "Ora vira a destra e va all'aeroporto Reagan". Invece scendeva, scendeva, scendeva… Mi fermo un attimo qui, un secondo prima dello schianto, per dirti un'altra cosa.

Nel 1988 ero in una battaglia missilistica contro degli iraniani e vidi sul radar un missile cruise che ci veniva addosso a oltre seicento chilometro orari e fu terrificante; il modo in cui diamo l’allarme quando un missile ci sta venendo addosso è "VAMPIRO", è una parola folle quindi sai che c'è una vera minaccia. Ero seduto su questa nave, stavamo combattendo contro la nave iraniana, ci lanciarono un missile e sentimmo "VAMPIRO, VAMPIRO, VAMPIRO" che significa "missile cruise in arrivo". Ci mancò di 150 metri.

Così quando vidi che l'aereo non stava virando mi venne in mente questa frase: “VAMPIRO, VAMPIRO, VAMPIRO”. Il semaforo divenne verde ma non riuscivo a muovermi, ero raggelato e l'unica cosa che riuscii a dire fu "Ferma!" che è quello che diciamo nell’ambiente militare per dire "Quella cosa sta per accadere". Beverly disse "Cosa?" e poi BOOOM! Ci fu un'enorme palla di fuoco. Urlò "Cosa sta succedendo??" e io dissi “È stato colpito, il Pentagono è stato colpito! Siamo sotto attacco! Siamo sotto attacco a livello nazionale!” Prima che potesse dire un'altra parola, schiacciai l’acceleratore, attraversai l'incrocio e pensai "Ci sono in giro altre armi a guida umana?" che è il modo in cui chiamiamo i velivoli dirottati.


Istintivamente sapevo dove andare: al Pentagono. Scoprii a quel punto che la polizia dello stato aveva bloccato la strada già da quasi un'ora per motivi di sicurezza perché non pensavano che sarebbe arrivato un aereo. L'edificio bruciava, era avvolto, enormi colonne di fumo nero. Non potevo proseguire, quindi dissi a Beverly "Prendi la mia macchina, torna in ufficio e chiamami ogni quindici minuti".

Scesi dalla macchina e davanti a me c’era un fottuto disastro. La gente stava uscendo dal lato nord del Pentagono, il lato colpito era il lato ovest vicino all’eliporto. Iniziai a correre tra la folla e siccome ero stato un paramedico in passato nell'esercito iniziai a controllare e valutare tutti i feriti. Vidi una donna ricoperta di sporcizia e polvere, aveva un bambino in braccio e sanguinava dalla testa. C’è una regola tra i paramedici che dice "Bambino silenzioso male, bambino che piange bene" Il bambino piangeva e c’erano persone con bottiglie d'acqua per lavarlo, quindi pensai "Il bambino sta bene, non hanno bisogno di me qui".

Vidi un ammiraglio donna a tre stelle della Marina e dissi "Ammiraglio ho bisogno del suo aiuto per mobilitare queste persone e per iniziare i soccorsi". Disse "Abbiamo tutto sotto controllo" e io pensai "Non ha idea di cosa stia succedendo qui, pensa che sia solo un incendio". Abbiamo un detto nell'esercito per quando sei in una situazione di panico "Cerca un punto di sanità mentale". Guardai a destra e vidi una donna che indicava con decisione dando ordini, sapeva cosa stava facendo, e c’erano persone che portavano a lei i feriti. Poi arrivò un'ambulanza con delle barelle, ed era una cosa molto intelligente da fare, era una società paramedica che era a pochi chilometri di distanza, sentirono degli attacchi e sapevano cosa fare perché avevano esperienza di incidenti di massa.

Appena dopo vidi Donald Rumsfield e il suo staff che portavano una barella, accanto a lui c'era un paramedico di volo dell'esercito che era assegnato all'ufficio del Segretario della Difesa, ma l'elicottero non sta mai al Pentagono, vola fino a oltre il fiume per fare rifornimento e fu un bene perché l'aereo colpì proprio la piattaforma dell'eliporto e lo so perché lo vidi quando si schiantò: colpì la piattaforma e scivolò dentro al Pentagono. Quindi corsi al punto di sanità mentale e c'era questa donna che pensavo fosse un medico e che è il mio eroe personale di quel giorno, il suo nome è Patty Horoho e stava dirigendo un mini triage. Era colonnello ed era esperta, aveva una soglia della paura molto molto alta. Le dissi "Sono un Sottufficiale", il che non era vero, avevo cambiato lavoro "Cosa vuoi che faccia?". Disse "Ho bisogno che dia un’organizzazione a queste persone". C'erano centinaia di persone. "Ho bisogno che tu metta in piedi squadre di barellieri all'ingresso nord e in modo che portino i feriti a questo triage."

Ero in abiti civili. Indossavo dei pantaloni khaki e una camicia nera con il nome della mia azienda che diceva "Real World Rescue", ma quello era un nome di copertura perché la società si chiamava in realtà "Special Readiness Service International". Andai da un colonnello e dissi "Colonnello, mi porti un gruppo di persone qui e li faccia mettere in riga". Tornò con otto colonnelli e gli dissi "Mi sta prendendo per il culo? Davvero?? Le uniche persone che conosce al Pentagono sono colonnelli?? Ci sono quattrocento militari qui”. Vidi degli ufficiali della marina e urlai “Marine! Portate qui i vostri culi!” e il colonnello, che era della marina, disse: "Ho l'ordine di riferire al Comandante del corpo dei marines". Dissi "Può prendere una persona e fare rapporto ai marine, ma voglio che tutti gli altri rimangano qui". È stato allora che vidi la mia salvezza, vidi un sergente dei marine e con voce di comando urlai "Sergente!" arrivò di corsa “Porti tutti qui, voglio che tutte queste persone siano allineate in formazione, inizieremo il lavoro di soccorso di questo edificio”. Immediatamente mise in formazione tutte le duecento persone; fu meraviglioso, mi spezzò il cuore.

Dissi: “Togliete cappelli, cravatte, zaini, togliete tutto ciò che può bruciare, abbassatevi le maniche. Formate squadre di sei uomini, ogni squadra prende una barella, un’altra squadra li segue come supporto”, perché una barella può diventare pesante con una persona trasportata. Aggiunsi "Andate ad aspettare all'ingresso nord". Questa fu la prima mobilitazione per i soccorsi sul lato ovest del Pentagono. Andai dal colonnello Horoho e dissi "Ho fatto iniziare i lavori là", e lei disse "Chi sono quelle persone vicino al luogo dell'incidente?". Guardai e c'era un gruppo di persone vicino all'ingresso "Sembrano disorganizzati, portali qui e fagli iniziare a spostare le persone". Corsi lì e chiesi chi era al comando, c'era un uomo in abiti civili con le bretelle che era colonnello dell'esercito e il collegamento congressuale; gli dissi "Ascolti, dobbiamo iniziare a portare le vittime fuori di qui" e lui disse "Rientriamo da questo ingresso" che era quello più vicino al luogo dell'incidente. Ora tutti nell'ambito militare fanno corsi di lotta antincendio, quindi conoscevo l’argomento; gli dissi “Se attraversa quel varco è morto. Il fumo arriva alle ginocchia, volute di fumo nero. Non si può passare da quell’ingresso". Mi disse "Abbiamo già iniziato" gli dissi “Portate tutti fuori di lì. Tutte le persone della sua squadra devono andare all’ingresso nord ad aiutare le squadre di barellieri. Non entrate più da lì, non possiamo perdere nessun altro”. Appena lo dissi le fiamme iniziarono a uscire da quel varco.

Stavamo ancora aspettando che arrivassero i camion dei pompieri, non erano ancora arrivati, ma in dieci minuti ne arrivarono un centinaio, tutti i camion dei pompieri del nord della Virginia e di Washington arrivavano al Pentagono. Mi girai e c'era il colonnello Horoho. C'era un camion dei pompieri in fiamme vicino all'hangar dell'elicottero, la portiera di destra era aperta, accanto c'erano alcune automobili, accanto ad essa c'erano taniche di ossigeno liquido e propano. Temevo che tutto sarebbe esploso di lì a poco.

Il colonnello Horoho mi disse "Voglio che i soccorritori portino le persone in condizione gialla" che sono i feriti "a sinistra di quell'albero. Quelle in condizione rossa" i feriti gravi "a destra di quell'albero. Quelle in condizione verde al cimitero e quelle in condizione nera dietro questo muro”. Questa cosa mi colpì al punto che iniziai ad andare un po’ nel panico, la mia soglia della paura stava per essere attraversata: mi aveva ordinato di mettere tutti i cadaveri dietro l'hangar dell'elicottero, dove lo parcheggiano per periodo lunghi, dove nessuno potesse vederli.

La guardai e accanto alla sua gamba c'era un disco d'argento di due metri con una lettera "C" rossa, bianca e blu. Pensai "Cosa sto guardando?" e poi capii che era la lettera "C" di American Airlines. Quindi vidi che c'erano piccoli pezzi di aereo tutt'intorno. Più tardi vidi una pala di una turbina sul fianco di un albero.

Non c'era nessuno in condizione nera dove mi trovavo perché quello era il punto di impatto. Non c'era più nessun corpo per coloro che erano morti; i feriti uscivano dagli altri ingressi. Ci spostammo e tornammo al triage. C'erano nove pazienti e stavano arrivando i paramedici e il colonnello Horoho dava con decisione istruzioni anche a loro; tutti i feriti vennero portati via con le ambulanze.

Ricevetti una telefonata, era il mio amico a Coronado. Mi disse "Malcolm, sono qui con il comandante della Seconda Flotta e non sa cosa stia succedendo, non riesce a parlare con il Segretario della Difesa" Era un uomo che comandava circa centocinquanta navi e tutto ciò che sapeva del Pentagono era quello che gli stavo dicendo io, gli dissi che il Segretario della Difesa stava bene e che era al posto di comando a cercare di coordinare le attività di New York, quindi non potevano contattarlo. Dissi “Mi serve il tuoi aiuto: quanti aerei al momento non rispondono?” Mi disse che ce n'erano due: uno a Saint Louis e uno vicino all'Ohio, che si rivelò essere United 93, l'altro si rivelò un falso allarme. Gli dissi che avevo bisogno di essere informato di qualsiasi cambiamento di stato di questi due aerei, avrei tenuto la chiamata aperta.

Andai dal colonnello e le dissi dei due aerei scomparsi e che dovevamo essere pronti in caso di ulteriori attacchi. Brad era ancora in linea, ma la linea cadde, perché liberavano le linee telefoniche in tutti gli Stati Uniti. Pochi secondi dopo sentimmo un altro forte rumore e qualcuno disse che c'era un'autobomba al Dipartimento di Stato, dissi che nessuno avrebbe usato un'autobomba quando aveva a disposizione aerei dirottati; pochi minuti dopo scoprimmo che una parte dell'edificio era crollata.

Mentre eravamo lì, due F-16 volarono molto bassi sul Pentagono e sul Campidoglio e fummo felici di vedere che avevamo una protezione dall’alto. Non avevano armi, niente, avrebbero semplicemente usato gli aerei stessi come barriera. Pochi secondi dopo arrivò un capo dei vigili del fuoco e disse che saremmo stati di nuovo sotto attacco perché c'era un altro aereo in arrivo. Il colonnello Horoho disse: "Voglio che sposti tutto questo triage al cimitero di Arlington". Corremmo dall'altra parte e quindici minuti dopo sentimmo dire che un F-16 si era schiantato contro United 93, a quel punto il colonnello Horoho ordinò di riportare il triage sul luogo dell'incidente, cosa che facemmo e a quel punto arrivarono molte altre risorse, uno degli ospedali più vicini portò tutto il personale del pronto soccorso e i medici iniziarono a ricevere ordini dal colonnello Horoho.

Ci fecero spostare di nuovo il triage in un sottopassaggio sul lato sud-ovest del Pentagono e a questo punto avevamo tutti una banda nastro adesivo argentato sul braccio per identificarci perché dovevamo entrare nell'edificio per rimuovere i cadaveri ma io non ero più lì quando ci fu da fare questo e ne sono grato perché quello che avevo visto era abbastanza.

Alle sei del pomeriggio iniziarono a mandare le persone a casa perché i soccorsi erano finiti, era diventata un’operazione di recupero. Non c'erano mezzi pubblici di trasporto a Washington, quindi camminai, poi feci l'autostop e mi portarono in ufficio.


Undicisettembre: Tu sei uno dei pochi testimoni oculari che ha visto l'incidente aereo, possiamo escludere una volta per tutte che fosse qualcosa di diverso da un aereo di linea commerciale?

Malcolm Nance: Prima di tutto, centinaia di persone hanno visto l'aereo. Parlai con l’uomo nel camion dei pompieri all’eliporto che era in fiamme e mi disse "Ero nel camion e l'aereo è passato proprio accanto a me" Mi disse che c’è sempre una persona in quel camion, il Segretario della Difesa era nell'edificio e l'elicottero sarebbe arrivato quindici o venti minuti dopo. Era lì e indossava i pantaloni della tuta ignifuga, non la parte superiore, ed era seduto sul veicolo ad ascoltare le notizie su New York quando vide l’aereo arrivare sopra lo Sheraton, sopra il Navy Annex, che era un grande edificio di uffici della Marina che da allora è stato demolito, poi scese, colpì un palo della luce che cadde sull'auto di un agente di polizia dello stato che era seduto al suo interno, colpì il suolo e scivolò dentro l'edificio. Questo pompiere era seduto nel camion e vide l'aereo arrivare verso di sé. Disse che l'aereo era esploso tutt'intorno e il suo camion saltò per aria, ma aveva circa otto tonnellate di schiuma antincendio dietro di lui, e anch’essa esplose trasformandosi in gas che lo protesse. Poi aprì la portiera di destra e scese, quando più tardi il colonnello Horoho ed io eravamo lì la portiera di destra era ancora aperta.

Più tardi incontrai il poliziotto dello stato della Virginia che era in macchina e mi disse la stessa cosa: era seduto lì, vide il palo della luce cadere sulla sua macchina e poi l'aereo che colpì l'edificio. Anche tutte le persone che erano sull'autostrada videro l’aereo, tutti a Crystal City videro l’aereo colpire il Pentagono. Centinaia di persone.

Qualche tempo dopo qualcuno mi mandò il link di un blog di un uomo francese che diceva che gli americani avevano usato un'autobomba per fingere un attentato e dare la colpa agli arabi. Ero furioso, furioso! Due anni dopo stavo rilasciando un'intervista a una giornalista francese molto famosa a Time Square. Mi disse "La prossima volta che vieni a Parigi vieni in studio e ne facciamo un’altra". L'anno dopo sono andato a Parigi e mi disse "Ti spiace se invitiamo un altro ospite?" La mia defunta moglie, che era madrelingua francese, capì che l'ospite sarebbe stato l’uomo che aveva scritto quel post sul blog e che mi avrebbero messo nella stessa stanza con lui e io non sapevo cosa si stessero dicendo. Mia moglie disse loro "Se portate Malcolm in quella stanza e capisce di chi è l'altro ospite si alzerà e picchierà quell'uomo in televisione". La sentii urlare in francese e capii cosa stava succedendo. Cancellarono quel segmento alla fine.


Undicisettembre: Sei anche un esperto di propaganda e di fake news e l'11 settembre ha dato il via al complottismo su larga scala. Cosa ne pensi?

Malcolm Nance: Le teorie del complotto esistono da sempre, anche nel film degli anni '60 “Il Dottor Stranamore” il generale ordina l'attacco alla Russia perché stanno mettendo fluoro nell'acqua e lui pensa che stia rendendo impuro lo sperma: quella era una teoria del complotto molto, molto popolare negli USA negli anni '50 e '60.

Per quanto questo lo possa capire, ciò che non riesco a capire e che mi rende immediatamente pronto ad attaccare è la che gente dice che l'11 settembre è stata una cospirazione. Perché “A chi vuoi credere? A me o ai tuoi occhi bugiardi? Crederai ai tuoi occhi bugiardi?" Ci sono americani che dicono "Oh, l'acciaio non fonde" e cose del genere, ma se prendi un aereo di linea e lo fai schiantare contro un edificio a 800 chilometri orari non c'è niente che possa reggere.


Undicisettembre: Qual è il ruolo nel mondo odierno delle fabbriche di disinformazione come l'Internet Research Agency di San Pietroburgo?

Malcolm Nance: Ho scritto il libro "The plot to destroy democracy" che tratta dell'intelligence russa. La Russia è diventata un paese oligarchico in cui ora hanno i soldi e arrivano fino alla classe media, è ancora un paese di stampo molto sovietico; l'Unione Sovietica ha usato continuamente la disinformazione e la misinformazione per promuovere i propri obiettivi nazionali. Vladimir Putin è stato un ufficiale di carriera del KGB fino al crollo dell'Unione Sovietica, è un devoto comunista e credeva nella strategia dell'Unione Sovietica per smantellare la democrazia liberale e danneggiare l'Occidente. Quando l'Unione Sovietica è crollata, il loro interesse divenne il denaro. Vuoi fare soldi in occidente o avere accesso ai mercati? Devi distruggere i loro governi. Putin ha detto due anni fa “la democrazia liberale in Occidente sta morendo, è un'ideologia fallita”. Ha capito che puoi usare la disinformazione per smantellare la democrazia occidentale. E non ha iniziato negli Stati Uniti con Trump, ha iniziato in Europa con partiti finanziati dalla Russia: Lega in Italia, Orban in Ungheria, Alba Dorata in Grecia, Marine Le Pen in Francia, SDF in Germania. Tutti questi gruppi non si definiscono fascisti ma lo sono e sono finanziati dalla Russia.

Negli anni '70 e '80 l'Unione Sovietica ha finanziato il terrorismo di sinistra. Oggi la Russia finanzia gruppi conservatori di destra. Putin sa come funziona l'occidente, usa disinformazione e bugie e poi usa la democrazia per eliminare la democrazia, usa un voto per eliminare un voto. Se controlli tutte le corde delle persone che votano, fai sembrare la democrazia debole e l'illiberalismo e il fascismo forti. Con i social network puoi farlo ed è quello che hanno fatto i russi.

Chiamiamo quello che hanno fatto contro gli Stati Uniti la Web War 2; hanno attaccato gli Stati Uniti usando la loro dottrina sulla guerra dell'informazione cioè che puoi creare così tanta disinformazione che una parte considerevole della tua popolazione nemica ti accoglierà come vincitore e alleato in modo che tu possa invadere il paese senza metterci un solo soldato. Ha successo, il 40% degli Stati Uniti crederebbe alla Russia invece di credere ai propri occhi.


Undicisettembre: Cosa pensi di ciò che sta succedendo ora in Afghanistan? Pensi che fosse questa l'unica fine inevitabile o la situazione avrebbe potuto essere gestita diversamente?

Malcom Nance: Andai in Afghanistan nel gennaio del 2002 per un assessment di intelligence successivo all'operazione di Tora Bora, quando Osama bin Laden e i suoi uomini erano fuggiti in Pakistan. L'Afghanistan non è uno stato-nazione, è un insieme di tribù, e questi capi delle tribù parteggiano solo per sé stessi, non parteggiano per un governo centrale. Ognuno di questi capi tribali si è immediatamente rivoltato e ha stretto according con i Talebani perché è la loro cultura e perché i Talebani sono afghani mentre noi eravamo gli stranieri.

L'accordi di pace stretto con i Talebani è stato fatto dall'amministrazione precedente ma senza il Presidente dell'Afghanistan Ghani, tagliando fuori dal negoziato il governo afghano che abbiamo sostenuto per diciannove ani. La precedente amministrazione voleva questo grande accordo per mostrare che potevano portare la pace in Afghanistan.

L'Afghanistan ora è tornato a com'era nel 2001, o forse nel 1843, ma senza Osama bin Laden. Oggi la vera minaccia è lo Stato Islamico della provincia del Khorasan e la domanda è se i Talebani consentiranno loro di pianificare e diffondere il terrore dalla loro terra. Ma è improbabile.

2021/09/04

Il Presidente Biden ordina di desecretare i documenti sull'11 settembre

di Leonardo Salvaggio

Il 3 settembre del 2021 il Presidente degli USA Joe Biden ha firmato un ordine esecutivo in cui dispone la revisione e la desecretazione dei documenti relativi alle indagini sull'11/9. L'FBI dovrà completare la revisione entro il prossimo 11 settembre e la desecretazione dovrà avvenire in varie fasi, a seconda delle indagini a cui appartengono, entro i prossimi sei mesi. Potranno rimanere sotto segreto, si legge nell'ordine esecutivo, solo le informazioni che possano ragionevolmente mettere a rischio la sicurezza nazionale.


Nel 2019 il procuratore generale William Barr aveva dichiarato che il materiale in questione sarebbe rimasto sotto segreto, la decisione di Joe Biden segna quindi un netto cambio di rotta rispetto all'amministrazione precedente.

Ovviamente al momento non è noto quali documenti verranno rilasciati, tuttavia i media statunitensi come il New York Times e il Washington Post riportano che le famiglie delle vittime hanno manifestato notevoli speranze che questa azione possa portare nuove evidenze che colleghino il governo saudita agli attentati, in modo che il regime di Riyadh affronti finalmente le proprie responsabilità. L'ordine dice infatti:
Nor shall information remain classified in order to conceal violations of law, inefficiency, or administrative error or to prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency.


Traduzione in italiano di Undicisettembre: Non saranno mantenute secretate informazioni al fine di nascondere violazioni della legge, inefficienza, o errori amministrativi che abbiano come scopo evitare imbarazzo a persone, organizzazioni o agenzie.

Undicisettembre condivide le speranze delle famiglie e auspica che le responsabilità saudite vengano finalmente chiarite.

2021/07/16

World Trade Center: an interview with pet therapy dog handler Cindy Ehlers

by Leonardo Salvaggio. An Italian translation is available here.

Cindy Ehlers is an Oregon-based pet therapy dog handler who was deployed to Ground Zero in the days after 9/11. To tell us her story and her involvement in the response, Cindy accepted our proposal for an interview which we are today offering our readers.

We would like to thank Cindy Ehlers for her kindness and willingness to help.





Undicisettembre: Can you give us a general account of how you were involved in the response to 9/11?

Cindy Ehlers:
On 9/11 I was doing a training in Washington; when I found out what was going on I just knew I would be going. I called the American Red Cross and I told them that I had a team and we could be there; at first they said “No”, but I kept calling and they said “Okay, come” so I went there on September 21st with three other dog handlers.

We had just started before 9/11 to talk about having handlers and dog teams trained so that they could provide this kind of emotional support. And then 9/11 happened. So it was already in place, unbeknownst to me things were set in motion.

We were picked up at the airport by a person that we didn’t know at the time and they brought us to their house, they fed us and the next day they took us back to the city. The city was terrible: bridges were closed, tunnels were closed and roads were closed too, they were not letting anybody in. We told the guards we were going to provide emotional support and they let us through all the way down to the family assistance center at Ground Zero.

The dogs were trained at an advanced level of a therapy dog, a higher emotional level, they could deal with people crying and sobbing and petting them. I had focused for two years on training dogs to be able to work on that kind of environment. So when 9/11 happened I thought I had all the skills to be prepared for a situation like that, once there I found out that I wasn’t.

At the family assistance center there were like two hundred other therapy dogs and many of them were actually acting out. Since our dogs were able to deal with this, they sent us at the World Trade Center site to work with the firefighters and other responders. They got us a police escort and we went to the World Trade Center, where we spent the rest of the two weeks I spent there. Except that we were in such demand that they had us going in the ferry boats that took the families to Ground Zero to view and they had us again at the family assistance center for specific things, like when death certificates were handed out. Other than that we stayed at the VMAT, the veterinary medical assistance team. They checked our dogs out every morning, made sure they were okay and off we went.

Our job was to just bring distraction, to help rescuers who were in terrible shape. Their faces were empty, they were in shock, they had what I learned later was the “thousand yard stare”. We provided that emotional support and there was nothing like that present. When they saw the dogs coming they said “Oh, what are those dogs for?”, I told my dog to go up the pile and say hello. I taught her that when I said “Go and say hi”, she would go, raise her paw or touch her nose to her paw. When I said that I still had her on the leash, she went up and took a bow. I said “I can’t believe my dog just did that!”, it was as if she knew what was better in that moment, that to touch her nose or to wave was not appropriate. This dog had a lot of empathic ability.

The responders picked her up and held her. There were no smiles, but when dogs were around they would smile and their eyes would light up. It was amazing to watch.



Undicisettembre: How would you describe the destruction at Ground Zero?

Cindy Ehlers: The site was surreal, it was something beyond my emotional capacity, so I just shut it down and observed. Inside I felt this was a horrible thing but I closed it off so that I could do my work.


Undicisettembre: You’ve been involved in other tragedies with your job, what made 9/11 unique if compared to others?

Cindy Ehlers: It was trial by fire. I had no idea what I was getting myself into. Oregon, where I live, is just country and I went in New York City. I had never been in anything like that ever: subway, traffic, people, noises. But I was confident what I was going to do with my dogs would be okay.

I also learned a lot of things I didn’t know. I learned you can’t work two weeks straight for fourteen hours a day, because I couldn’t stop and rest. Nobody was prepared for something like that, not even people with degrees. I did debriefings, that was the first debriefing I did in my life and I didn’t know what to do. You are supposed to go around the room and when it’s your turn you tell your experience, but I have never been educated about this. Mental health people who guided these debriefings didn’t even know what to ask, they were just like “Okay, what do you think?”. I just said “I’m really happy I could be here and help.”

Being on the ferry boats to go down to the site with the families was the hardest thing I’ve ever done in my life. People were fainting when they were viewing the site where their family members had died; grown men who were fine would say “I’m fine” and then they would fall down and faint. When I saw that I thought “Ooohhh, what did I get myself into? I can’t do this!” But I did it. What I didn’t realize was the effect that was going to have on me. And since I didn’t know how to take care of myself I didn’t know about effects until a couple of years later.

I went home two weeks later thinking “If this dog therapy is going to work, I have to make some changes” and I needed to be able to share what I learned and what I saw so that we could go forward and make this safer.


Undicisettembre: Does 9/11 affect your everyday life even today?

Cindy Ehlers: Yes it does. There’s not a single day that goes by that I don’t think about it or am reminded about it in some ways, good and bad. At an emotional level it just impact everything that I do because I was so overwhelmed and I didn’t realize it, I had PTSD and didn’t know that I had that until ten years later. If I had got help sooner I probably would be better now. I’m still dealing with all that, even now.

Undicisettembre: Are you involved now in the response to the pandemic?

Cindy Ehlers: Yes.


Undicisettembre: How would you compare the crisis after 9/11 to the crisis the country is living now for COVID-19?

Cindy Ehlers: Well, with COVID everyone has to wear their masks so you can’t see the expression on their faces. With 9/11 you could see their faces, you could see fear, anger, all the emotions. Now it’s very weird.

Now people want you to stay away, after 9/11 they wanted you to come closer. Everybody is afraid of people touching them, after 9/11 everybody was hugging everybody.

World Trade Center: intervista alla conduttrice di cani per pet therapy Cindy Ehlers

di Leonardo Salvaggio. L'originale in inglese è disponibile qui.

Cindy Ehlers è una conduttrice di cani per pet therapy dell'Oregon e che dopo l'11/9 fu impiegata a Ground Zero. Per raccontarci la sua storia e il suo ruolo nei lavori di recupero, Cindy ha accettato la nostra proposta di un'intervista che offriamo oggi ai nostri lettori.

Ringraziamo Cindy Ehlers per la sua cortesia e disponibilità.





Undicisettembre: Puoi farci un racconto generale di come sei stato coinvolta nei lavori di Ground Zero dopo l'11 settembre?

Cindy Ehlers:
L'11 settembre stavo facendo un corso di formazione a Washington; quando scoprii cosa stava succedendo capii subito che sarei dovuta andare. Chiamai la Croce Rossa degli Stati Uniti e dissi loro che avevo una squadra e che eravamo disponibili; in un primo momento dissero "No", ma continuai a chiamare e alla fine dissero "Va bene, venite" così ci andai il 21 settembre con altri tre conduttori di cani.

Avevamo iniziato appena prima dell'11 settembre a parlare di addestrare squadre di conduttori e cani in modo che potessero fornire questo tipo di supporto emotivo. E poi avvenne l'11 settembre. Quindi l’attività era già avviata, a mia insaputa le cose si erano messe in moto.

Venne a prenderci all’aeroporto una persona che all'epoca non conoscevamo e ci portò a casa sua, ci diede da mangiare e il giorno dopo ci portò in città. La città era terribile: i ponti erano chiusi, i tunnel erano chiusi e anche le strade erano chiuse, non facevano entrare nessuno. Spiegammo alle guardie che eravamo operatori del supporto emotivo e ci fecero passare fino al centro di assistenza per le famiglie a Ground Zero.

I cani da terapia erano addestrati a un livello avanzato, un livello emotivo più alto, potevano affrontare persone che piangono, singhiozzano e li accarezzano. Per due anni mi ero concentrata sull'addestramento dei cani per poter lavorare in quel tipo di ambiente. Quindi, quando accadde l'11 settembre, pensavo di avere tutte le capacità e di essere preparata per una situazione del genere, una volta lì scoprii che non lo ero.

Al centro di assistenza per le famiglie c'erano circa duecento altri cani da terapia e molti di loro avevano effettivamente effetti positivi. Siccome i nostri cani erano in grado di affrontare la situazione, ci inviarono al World Trade Center per lavorare con i vigili del fuoco e altri soccorritori. Ci scortò la polizia e andammo al World Trade Center, dove rimanemmo per il resto delle due settimane che trascorsi lì. L’unica eccezione fu che eravamo così richiesti che ci fecero salire sui traghetti che portavano le famiglie a vedere Ground Zero e ci riportarono al centro di assistenza per famiglie per cose specifiche, come quando sono stati consegnati i certificati di morte. Quando non eravamo in questi posti stavamo alla sede del VMAT, il team di assistenza medica veterinaria. Controllavano i nostri cani ogni mattina, si assicuravano che stessero bene e partivamo.

Il nostro compito era solo distrarre, aiutare i soccorritori che erano in condizioni terribili. I loro volti erano vuoti, erano sotto shock, avevano quello che in seguito scoprii essere lo "sguardo da mille metri". Fornivamo questo tipo di supporto emotivo e non c'era nient’altro del genere nella zona. Quando videro arrivare i cani dissero "Oh, a cosa servono quei cani?", dissi al mio cane di salire sulla pila e salutare. Le avevo insegnato che quando dicevo "Vai a salutare", si avvicinava, alzava la zampa o si toccava il naso. Quando le dissi così la tenevo ancora al guinzaglio, salì e fece un inchino. Dissi "Non riesco a credere che il mio cane abbia appena fatto questo!", era come se sapesse cosa era meglio fare in quel momento, e che toccarsi il naso o salutare non sarebbe stato appropriato. Quel cane aveva molte capacità empatiche.

I soccorritori la presero in braccio. Non c'erano sorrisi, ma quando c’erano i cani sorridevano e i loro occhi si illuminavano. È stato fantastico da vedere.


Undicisettembre: Come descriveresti la distruzione di Ground Zero?

Cindy Ehlers: Era surreale, era qualcosa al di là delle mie capacità emotive, quindi mi sono chiusa e ho osservato. Dentro di me sentivo che era una cosa orribile, ma mi sono chiusa in modo da poter fare il mio lavoro.


Undicisettembre: Sei stata coinvolta in altre tragedie per il tuo lavoro, cosa ha reso unico l'11 settembre rispetto agli altri casi?

Cindy Ehlers: È stata la prova del fuoco. Non avevo idea di ciò in cui mi stavo infilando. L'Oregon, dove vivo, è tutta campagna e sono dovuta andare a New York City. Non ero mai stata in niente del genere: metropolitana, traffico, persone, rumori. Ma ero sicura che per quello che dovevo fare i miei cani sarebbero stati adeguati.

Ho anche imparato molte cose che non sapevo. Ho imparato che non puoi lavorare due settimane di fila per quattordici ore al giorno; non potevo fermarmi e riposarmi. Nessuno era preparato per una cosa del genere, nemmeno le persone con una formazione universitaria. Feci dei debriefing, quello fu il primo debriefing della mia vita e non sapevo cosa fare. Si faceva il giro di tavolo e quando era il tuo turno raccontavi la tua esperienza, ma non ne avevo nessuna preparazione. Il personale della salute mentale che conduceva questi debriefing non sapeva nemmeno cosa chiedere, dicevano solo "Okay, cosa hai da dire?". Risposi semplicemente "Sono molto felice di essere qui e di poter aiutare".

Essere sui traghetti che portavano le famiglie a Ground Zero è stata la cosa più difficile che abbia mai fatto in vita mia. Le persone svenivano quando vedevano il luogo in cui erano morti i loro familiari; uomini adulti in buone condizioni dicevano "Sto bene" e poi cadevano svenuti. Quando lo vidi pensai "Ooohhh, in cosa mi sono cacciata? Non ne sarò mai in grado!” Ma poi lo feci. Quello di cui non mi rendevo conto era l'effetto che stava avendo su di me. E poiché non sapevo come prendermi cura di me stessa, non capii gli effetti fino a un paio di anni dopo.

Tornai a casa due settimane dopo pensando "Se useremo ancora la terapia con i cani, devo apportare alcune modifiche" e dovevo condividere ciò che avevo imparato e ciò che avevo visto in modo da potere migliorare il nostro lavoro e renderlo più sicuro.


Undicisettembre: L'11 settembre influenza ancora oggi la tua vita quotidiana?

Cindy Ehlers: Sì. Non c'è un solo giorno che passa in cui non ci penso o non mi viene in mente in qualche modo, nel bene e nel male. A livello emotivo ha impatti su tutto ciò che faccio perché ne ero sopraffatta e non me ne rendevo conto, avevo la sindrome da stress post traumatico e non seppi di averla avuta fino a dieci anni dopo. Se fossi stata aiutata prima, probabilmente starei meglio ora. Sto ancora affrontando tutto questo, anche adesso.


Undicisettembre: Sei coinvolta anche adesso nella risposta alla pandemia?

Cindy Ehlers: Sì.


Undicisettembre: Come paragoneresti la crisi dopo l'11 settembre con la crisi che il paese sta vivendo ora per il COVID-19?

Cindy Ehlers: Con il COVID tutti devono indossare mascherine, così non si possono vedere le espressioni sui volti delle persone. Dopo l'11 settembre potevi vedere i volti, potevi vedere la paura, la rabbia, tutte le emozioni. Ora è tutto molto strano.

Ora le persone vogliono che tu stia lontano, dopo l'11 settembre volevano avvicinarsi. Tutti hanno paura che le persone li tocchino, dopo l'11 settembre tutti abbracciavano tutti.

2021/06/25

United 93: an interview with former Red Cross executive director Jeffrey Varnes

by Leonardo Salvaggio. An Italian translation is available here.

We offer today our readers the personal account of former Red Cross executive director Jeffrey Varnes who directed the Red Cross response to the United 93 incident on 9/11.

We would like to thank Jaffrey Vernes for his kindness and willingness to help.





Undicisettembre: Can you give us a general account of what you saw and experienced on 9/11?

Jeffrey Varnes:
I was the executive director of the York County, Pennsylvania, Chapter. The day started off with a meeting with my staff because there had been a tragedy at the York Fair the night before, when a young boy was injured and died on an amusement ride. Since the Red Cross had the first aid station responsibility there, I wanted to determine how we might have been involved in the incident, so I dispatched two individuals to go out to the fairgrounds and determine what our role might have been in the incident. Shortly after dispatching them I received a call from my wife who told me that a small plane had hit the World Trade Center. The feeling at the time was that this was a very small plane.

I was a member and a leader of the American National Red Cross Air Incident Response Team. As part of our training, whenever there is a plane incident we were instructed to call in and indicate our availability. Knowing the limited amount of information that I had, I called in to our headquarters and indicated I would have been available to go to New York if they should require me.

Our Chapter was located in a temporary facility because our permanent facility was being renovated, so we did not have a lot of infrastructure available to us but I was able to get to a television somewhere in the building so I could see what was going on. By the time I was able to do that the second airplane hit the World Trade Center; virtually everybody knew this was more than just a small plane. I had been put on stand-by then for New York City and for my own family protocol my wife was beginning to get my things ready to leave. Shortly after that, the news reports indicated that there was a plane that went into the Pentagon and there was a rumor there was a bomb outside the State Department.

When I went home to get my luggage we heard that a plane had crashed in Pennsylvania as well, in Shansksville which is close to Somerset. Shortly after that I got a call from our national headquarters that changed my assignment from New York City to Shanksville and I was instructed to report to our headquarters in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, which was the Chapter that had jurisdiction over Shanksville. I traveled across Pennsylvania, which was a three and a half hour trip on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, and as I was going across the state I listened to the radio to get the latest news. I had a call with our national headquarters and at that point I had no understanding of the role I was going to play, so I asked “What do you want me to do? What would be my role in the operation?” and they advised I would be directing the Red Cross response to the United 93 incident. This changed my whole prospective, rather than thinking of the small role I might have had in New York I understood the magnitude of being the director of the Red Cross response.

The Red Cross had always relied of me to go to high profile incidents because of my experience in working with high government officials and business leaders in addition to the disasters responsibility that I had. When I realized I would be directing the operation I began to formulate my plans for how I would approach the situation. In an air incident the Red Cross has traditionally been similar to a subcontractor for the NTSB, so most of my experience in mass casualties incidents was working with NTSB and our job was to care for families of people who perished or had survived the incident. Also one of our prime responsibilities was to conduct a memorial service for those who were on the aircraft. When I arrived in Johnstown I got a briefing on the geographical area that I’d be working. This might seem a little strange but one of the first things I had to do was to set up our headquarters from which all of us would be operating and set up all the communication elements that were needed.

Late that afternoon I was able to identify several potential headquarters sites, I completed my job in Johnstown and then proceeded to go first to Shanksville and then to Somerset, where the hotel was located. When I went to my room I started to contemplate what the next day would look like. It was overwhelming, I felt so alone at the time and with a lot of responsibility on my shoulders and kind of wondering how I would get through it.


The following day rather than the NTSB being in charge, it was the FBI who was in charge and it was the first time I worked with them so directly. My first meeting was with a number of agencies and it was convened by the FBI and the ATF; their first mission, I heard in the briefing, was they would be going through the field where the aircraft had crashed and identify pieces of evidence that could be plane parts, body parts or anything else associated with the incident, and they were instructed to put small “evidence” flags on the ground where they found anything. This was my first clue about some of the services we would need to provide in addition to our services to the families. Because many of these agents had never experienced a mass casualty situation before and they were going to see things they had never seen before, so that would have a mental and psychological effect on them that the Red Cross could provide mental health support for.

Following that meeting I went and identified a headquarters which was in a church right outside Somerset and it was located between the incident site and where we would be housing the families of the victims. We brought our communications team in and they were able to set up quickly their phone and internet lines. It’s important to underline that in the Red Cross we dispatch people who have expertise in various areas to help on an operation: logistics, mental health, physical health, social work, mass care. So I had never worked with the people who were on my team before, so one of the challenges was to assemble my team and understand the strength and the weaknesses of them so that you can arrange them to become a cohesive unit as quickly as possible. We set out headquarters, I got a system for credentialing our workers and we established our presence both at the Seven Springs Hotel, where the families were going to stay, and at the incident site, where we were providing food and beverages to workers.

Right in front of the canteen, there were mental health people, these people were trained to engage in conversations and debrief the workers when they came out of the crash scene so they could describe what they had seen as opposed to keep it inside and not talking to anybody about it. Most of the workers would prefer to engage our people rather than their agency’s assistance programs because they feared there would have been a record kept of the conversation and law enforcement people don’t like that kind of image. Our people kept no records of those conversations, so it was a valuable service to provide to them.

At the Seven Springs Hotel we set up an assembly room with roundtables and chairs, sandwiches and snacks for the families. We had our mental health and spiritual care workers who could listen to them if they wanted to talk about their loved ones. One of the problems was the plane took off from Newark to San Francisco, so there were East Coast and West Coast passengers on the plane and in those days after 9/11 no planes were flying; so we had families from the East Coast, because they drove to Shanksville from the New York area, but not from the West Coast initially.

There was also a command center in the basement of the hotel which assembled all of the agencies that were working with the families. I visited it several times to get briefed by my staff that were responsible for that area.

That went on for days, then the pieces of bodies were uncovered and sent to a mortuary which was another service site for the Red Cross. It was staffed with what they called DMORT, Disaster MORtuary Teams, which are made up of morticians from around the country who came in to support local officials; Somerset is a very small town so it needed all the help it could get to be able to identify the bodies. One of the first procedures that the DMORT does is to interview the families and try to acquire from them any DNA material that they could bring: a toothbrush, a hair comb, anything like that. For the families it’s very dramatic to go through those interviews and our mental health people were there to help them.

The DMORT members never faced mass casualty incidents like this either, so they were facing mental health issues too; we made an area outside of the mortuary where they could come on their breaks to get food and beverages and we staffed that area with mental health people too.

This lasted maybe five days at most and from a Red Cross point of view what we accomplished in a day was what we would normally accomplish in a week. I was on the phone constantly, sometimes two phones, to resolve issues or to meet certain problems. One of the things the director has to do is make decisions; if you make the wrong decision you correct it, but if you don’t make decisions you paralyze the whole operation.

We also had a political decision to make. A couple of nights after the event there was a memorial event at the Somersest County seat, which I was privileged to attend, it was an emotional event and they recognized all of the individuals who perished on the plane except for the perpetrators. So how were we going to recognize the lives that were lost on the aircraft? It was a very political decision as to whether we should have considered everyone or just the passengers. So we only had one candle to represent all the lives that were lost and people could include in that whoever they wanted to.

We also had to make a decision on the memorial service because the East Coast people were already there and were going to be going home soon; while the West Coast people were just starting to arrive. So we had two memorial services, one for the early arrivals and one for the late arrivals.

The families were wondering why they hadn’t heard from any federal officials: federal officials were at the Pentagon, in New York City, but no one came to Shanksville. That came to my attention, I was aware of the bureaucracy of the Red Cross and understood I could not meet the need of the families if I went that route. I was good friends with our congressman in my hometown, York, Pennsylvania, so I reached out to him, explained the situation and asked if the White House was interested in sending some representatives. He contacted the congressional liaison to the White House. Late in the afternoon before the memorial service I had a call from the White House and they told me that the President and the Vice President were not coming to the memorial service because of meetings they were involved with, but they would contact me shortly with the individual who would be representing the federal government at the memorial service. After that I received a second call from the White House who said “I’m able to tell you but you can’t tell anybody, you have to be on a hard line.” I let him know the number he could reach me at and he said “The person that will be coming is going to be Mrs Bush.” but I was not able to tell anyone in my team until I would get the secure call from the White House. I got back to the headquarters and I got the secure call from the White House and I was then able to brief my team. They had wanted me on a hard line because if we were on a cellphone some of the conversation could be overheard.

Shortly after that the Secret Service arrived and they conducted a surveillance of the area where she was going to be. When she arrived there was a line on each side of EMS personnel to greet her. When she got out of the car rather than go into the room they had prepared for her, she wanted to handshake with all the EMS people who turned out. I had never seen cars moving so fast, reposition themselves, and Secret Service agents move so fast to accommodate her wishes. She was the best person to come, rather than the President because she put a compassionate and empathetic face on the response to the administration, the President would have had to put a warlike face.

For the second service, Mrs Cheney came. She did an equally fine job with the families, when we went to the luncheon she went to each table and greeted them. I’ll never forget the families did not say anything about themselves, they said “We pray for you, for the President and the Vice President as you are facing this situation.”, they reached out with words of comfort to Mrs Cheney when she was trying to do the same.


Undicisettembre: How would you describe the crash site?

Jeffrey Varnes: The crash site was like a hole in the ground. I wasn’t allowed to get close to the crash site, I had to stay back because it was a crime scene. They only allowed credentialed law enforcement officials to be in the crime scene itself.


Undicisettembre: You mentioned working with the NTSB many times before 9/11, so what made this case unique when compared to the others?

Jeffrey Varnes: First of all the NTSB was not in charge, the FBI was. So everything needed to be treated as a crime scene. I had to daily fax to the FBI the names of the volunteers who were going to be on the scene so they could have complete knowledge and accountability of who was going to be there, I never had to do that when NTSB was in charge. Working with a federal law enforcement agency was a totally different responsibility or experience for me.

Another thing I would say was very different was the media intensity. They wanted to interview the families, the Red Cross traditionally tries to protect the families from media intrusion unless they desire to speak to the media. In this case what we did was to try to facilitate that. We briefed the families on the options they had to present to the media: they could do it in a press conference, a one on one interview, they could make a statement, make a statement and then open themselves up for questions.


Undicisettembre: Since you had to work on pieces of dead bodies, how do you react when you hear folks saying it was all staged and no plane crashed there?

Jeffrey Varnes: That’s completely false, there was a plane that crashed there. I was there. I experienced the smell and I saw the grief of the families; those were not fake families.


Undicisettembre: Are you involved with the response to the COVID-19 pandemic too at the moment?

Jeffrey Varnes: I am.


Undicisettembre: How would you compare the crisis after 9/11 to the crisis the country is living now for the pandemic?

Jeffrey Varnes: COVID-19 is an international phenomenon, while the initial phases of 9/11 were more domestic in nature. The loss of life was sudden, while with COVID it can drag out. COVID struck fear in many more people than 9/11 as to whether they can be personally involved. COVID had a mental effect on people who were required to be isolated for a long period of time. So the immensity of the impact of COVID on people is much more pervasive than 9/11 even if the shock to the nation was sudden rather than a growing kind of thing then with COVID-19.

We were able to sponsor vaccination clinics in the community where I reside now in Nevada and we were able to involve over two hundred of our residents to volunteering to help with the administration of the vaccine. What I didn’t anticipate was the effect that would have on our volunteers, it let them come out of their homes and do something that was good for other people and also made them socialize in a way they hadn’t done in the previous fourteen months. It had a very positive impact of our community. We now feel like we are on our way to recovery but we don’t know for sure.